| FERNS – Deer will avoid most ferns |
| Adiantum pedatum |
Maindenhair/Five Finger Fern |
** native, very delicate texture but wiry stems |
| Athyrium niponicum ‘Pictum’ |
Japanese Painted Fern |
** silvery/purple foliage, delicate texture |
| Blechnum spicant |
Deer Fern |
** native |
| Cyrtomium fortunei |
Hardy Holly Fern |
*** glossy, holly-like fronds |
| Dryopteris erythrosora |
Autumn Fern |
*** coppery new growth |
| Matteuccia |
Ostrich Fern |
** |
| Polystichum munitum |
Western Sword Fern |
*** native, evergreen |
| Polystichum polyblepharum |
Tassel Fern |
*** native |
| Polystichum setiferum |
Alaskan Fern |
*** native |
| Woodwardia fimbriata |
Giant Chain Fern |
*** coastal native, largest hardy fern |
| GRASSES AND GRASS-LIKE PLANTS – Deer will avoid most ornamental grasses |
| Agave neomexicana |
Hardy Agave |
*** impenetrable |
| Hardy Bamboo species (i.e., Fargesia, Phyllostachys, Sasa) |
Bamboo species |
** occasional chewing when newly planted |
| Bouteloua g. ‘Blonde Ambition’ |
Blue Grama Grass |
*** persistent flag-like seedheads |
| Calamagrostis spp. |
Feather Reed Grass |
*** |
| Carex spp. |
Sedges |
*** |
| Dasylirion wheeleri |
Desert Spoon |
*** wonderfully prickly! |
| Deschampsia sp. |
Tufted Hair Grass |
*** |
| Festuca spp. |
Fescue |
* small evergreen clumps, can be grazed during sparse months |
| Hakonechloa macra |
Japanese Forest Grass |
*** good for moist shade |
| Helictotrichon sempervirens |
Blue Oat Grass |
*** evergreen, tough |
| Hesperaloe parviflora |
Red False Yucca |
** may eat flowers, but foliage is tough/spikey |
| Juncus spp. |
Rush |
*** many native, wet sites |
| Miscanthus sinensis |
Maiden Grass |
*** |
| Muhlenbergia capillaris, rigens |
Pink Muhly Grass, Deer Grass |
*** great for meadow look |
| Panicum virgatum |
Switch grass |
*** nice fall color |
| Pennisetum spp. |
Fountain Grass |
*** |
| Phormium spp. |
New Zealand Flax |
*** place in protected location from cold winds |
| Schizachyrium scoparium |
Little Bluestem |
*** fall color, prairie native |
| Seslaria autumnalis |
Autumn Moor Grass |
** evergreen, meadowy look |
| Stipa gigantea |
Giant Feather Grass |
*** evergreen, showy bloom |
| Yucca filamentosa |
Adam’s Needle (Yucca) |
*** showy flower spikes |
| PERENNIALS – Strongly scented, highly textured (sharp or fuzzy), or poisonous choices are best |
| Acanthus spinosus |
Bear’s Breeches |
* dramatic, spined 3′ tall flower spikes, part shade |
| Achillea millefolium and cultivars |
Yarrow |
** may eat flowers, many colors available |
| Aconitum spp. |
Monkshood |
*** highly poisonous |
| Agastache spp. |
Anise Hyssop, Licorice or Hummingbird Mint |
*** fragrant foliage, hummingbird magnets, long bloom |
| Allium spp. |
Garlic and onion relatives, ball shaped flowers |
** strong smell, will occasionally eat flowers |
| Ajuga repens |
Carpet Bugle |
* vigorous shade groundcover |
| Amsonia spp. |
Bluestar |
*** prairie native, latex sap in stems, amazing gold fall color, deer might try in heavy deer areas |
| Anemone spp. |
Anemone/Windflower |
* poisonous, but not always reliable—will eat in heavy deer areas |
| Armeria maritima |
Sea thrift |
* may eat flowers |
| Artemisia spp. |
Wormwood |
*** aromatic foliage |
| Asarum caudatum |
Wild Ginger |
** foliage is aromatic when crushed, native for dry shade |
| Asclepias spp. |
Milkweed |
*** milky sap in stems, attracts butterflies/bees |
| Aster oblongifolius |
Aromatic Aster |
*** deer might try in heavy deer areas |
| Ballota hirsuta |
Horehound |
*** fuzzy, silver foliage |
| Bergenia spp. |
Heartleaf Bergenia/Pigsqueak |
* large glossy foliage, spring blooms, good for mild areas only |
| Brunnera macrophylla |
Siberian Bugloss |
*** stiff hairs cover large leaves, shade, many silvery forms |
| Campanula spp. |
Bellfower |
** once naturalized, groundcover and hairy species are best |
| Centranthus ruber |
Jupiter’s Beard |
** |
| Ceratostigma plumbaginoides |
Dwarf (Hardy) Plumbago |
*** late summer bloom + fall color |
| Coreopsis spp. |
Tickseed |
** C. verticilata needle-like leaf is best, long bloom, can be hit or miss |
| Crocosmia spp. |
Crocosmia/Montbreita |
* may eat flowers |
| Cynara |
Artichokes & relatives |
*** |
| Delosperma spp. + new hybrids |
Hardy Ice Plant |
** tighter foliage |
| Dianthus spp. |
Carnations or Pinks |
*** aromatic foliage, drought tolerant groundcovers |
| Dicentra spp. |
Bleeding Heart |
** poisonous, but sometimes eaten |
| Digitalis spp. |
Foxglove |
** poisonous, but eaten sometimes |
| Echinops spp. |
Globe Thistle |
*** spiny leaves/flowers |
| Epimedium spp. |
Bishop’s Hat |
** good for dry shade |
| Erigeron glaucus |
Seaside Daisy |
** long blooming, hit or miss, good once established |
| Erigeron karvinskianus |
Fleabane/Santa Barbara Daisy |
*** long blooming groundcover, drought tolerant |
| Eriophyllum lanatum |
Oregon Sunshine |
* depends on the local deer population |
| Eryngium spp. |
Sea Holly |
*** spiny flowers and sometimes leaves too; can eat E. planum types |
| Euphorbia spp. |
Spurge |
*** toxic sap in stems, mostly evergreen species |
| Gaillardia |
Blanket Flower |
** may eat flowers |
| Gaura lindheimeri |
Gaura |
** may eat in heavy deer areas |
| Geranium ‘Biokovo’ & ‘Karmina’ |
Geranium/Cranesbill |
*** scented leaves, great groundcover even in dry shade, can eat when young |
| Helleborus spp. |
Lenten Rose |
*** poisonous, winter bloom, part to full shade |
| Hypericum calycinum |
St. John’s Wort |
*** aggressive groundcover, erosion control |
| Iris spp. |
Iris |
*** Lots of native and non-native species |
| Kniphofia spp. |
Red hot poker |
** occasionally flowers are eaten |
| Lamium maculatum |
Dead nettle |
** silvery variegated foliage illuminates shady areas |
| Leucanthemum x superbum |
Shasta Daisy |
** may eat foliage after bloom finishes |
| Limonium sp. |
Sea Statice |
** will eat flowers & nibble foliage in heavy deer areas |
| Marrubium rotundifolium |
Silverheels Horehound |
*** soft foliage, drought tolerant |
| Monarda spp. |
Bee Balm |
** fragrant foliage |
| Monardella odoratissima |
Coyote Mint |
*** native, long summer bloom |
| Monardella villosa ‘Russian River’ |
‘Russian River’ Coyote Mint |
*** CA native, long summer bloom into fall, attracts pollinators |
| Muhlenbeckia complexa |
Wire Vine |
*** keep in containers, invasive |
| Narcissus |
Daffodils |
*** one of the only reliable bulbs |
| Nepeta spp. |
Catmint |
*** aromatic foliage, long bloom, great selection |
| Oenothera spp. |
Evening Primrose, Sundrops |
* may eat when new, only for mild areas, very drought tolerant |
| Opuntia sp. |
Prickly Pear Cactus |
** may nibble if desperate |
| Origanum spp. |
Oregano – edible and ornamental |
*** fragrant foliage, many cool flowering forms |
| Paeonia |
Peony – countless cultivars |
** may eat foliage in fall, classic showy blooms, handsome foliage with nice fall color |
| Papaver orientale |
Oriental Poppy |
** fuzzy foliage, may eat |
| Penstemon heterophyllus ‘Margarita BOP’ |
Foothill Beardtongue |
** usually deer resistant, better when established |
| Penstemon pinifolius |
Pineleaf Beardtongue |
** may eat flowers, adaptable rock garden plant, needle-like leaves |
| Perovskia atriplicifolia |
Russian Blue Sage |
*** aromatic foliage |
| Phlomis spp. |
Jerusalem Sage |
*** large, fuzzy leaves |
| Phlox subulata |
Creeping Phlox |
*** needle-like foliage |
| Pratia peduncularis |
Blue Star Creeper |
*** tight groundcover |
| Pterocephalus depressus |
Moroccan Pincushion |
*** |
| Pulmonaria spp. |
Lungwort |
** leaves are covered in prickly hairs, early bloom |
| Rubus calycinoides (pentalobus) |
Creeping Bramble |
*** tough leaves, prickly stems |
| Rudbeckia spp. |
Black Eyed Susan |
* may eat flowers, bristly leafed versions best |
| Salvia spp. + hardy hybrids |
Sage |
*** smellier foliage is best |
| Santolina chamaecyparissus, virens |
Lavender Cotton |
*** aromatic, evergreen foliage, button-like flower |
| Schizostylus coccinea |
Crimson River Lily |
* best in mild areas |
| Sempervivum spp. |
Hens and Chicks, Houseleek |
* less browsed upon than sedums |
| Sisyrinchium sp. |
Blue-eyed/Yellow-eyed Grass |
** |
| Stachys spp. |
Lambs Ears |
*** fuzzy foliage |
| Teucrium spp. |
Germander |
*** aromatic, evergreen foliage, bee attractors |
| Thymus spp. |
Thyme – creeping and upright |
*** aromatic foliage and edible |
| Verbena rigida & bonariensis |
Rigid Verbena, Purpletop Verbena |
* will munch in heavy deer areas |
| Veronica spp. |
Speedwell |
** v. pectinata & other groundcover species are best, needs protection while young |
| Vinca minor |
Common Periwinkle |
** aggressive groundcover, part-shade erosion control |
| Zauschneria sp. |
California Fuchsia |
** may eat, fuzzier and narrow leaf varieties more resistant, best fall bloom, colonizer |
| SHRUBS – Aromatic, resinous/sticky, thorny/prickly or poisonous choices are the most reliable |
| Arctostaphylos spp. |
Manzanita – esp. ‘Austin Griffiths’, ‘Pacific Mist’ |
* better once established, new growth often chewed, needs protection when young (a few years) |
| Aucuba japonica |
Spotted Laurel |
*** |
| Baccharis pilularis |
Coyote Bush |
*** native into CA, super tough |
| Berberis spp. |
Barberry – deciduous & evergreen species |
*** thorny stems, colorful in spring and fall |
| Buddleia hybrids (sterile) |
Butterfly Bush |
* more protected as it gets taller |
| Buxus spp. |
Boxwood |
*** classic for low hedges and formal gardens |
| Callistemon spp. |
Hardy Bottlebrush – alpine species |
*** needle-like pokey foliage |
| Calluna vulgaris |
Scotch Heather |
* may eat when new, late summer bloom |
| Calycanthus spp. |
Spicebush |
** protect when small |
| Carpenteria ‘Elizabeth’ |
Bush Anemone |
* for mild or protected spots |
| Caryopteris x clandonensis |
Bluebeard, Blue Mist Spirea |
*** great choice! reliable, long summer bloom, attracts pollinators |
| Ceanothus spp. |
California Lilac, Blue Blossom |
** cultivars with holly-like leaves are most reliable (like ‘Blue Jeans’ and ‘Emily Brown’), needs protection when young or will be eaten |
| Cephalotaxus harringtonia |
Japanese Plum Yew |
** pokey needle-like foliage, still testing |
| Chaenomeles speciosa |
Flowering Quince |
* thorny types only, early spring blooms |
| Choisya ternata |
Mexican Orange |
*** fragrant white blooms, evergreen |
| Choisya x dewitteana ‘Aztec Pearl’, ‘Bluestone’ |
Mexican Orange (cutleaf) |
*** similar to above, but more compact, heat/sun/drought tolerant & hardier; needs good drainage & summer heat |
| Cistus spp. |
Rockrose |
* more resinous/sticky varieties are best (like ‘Blanche’, ‘Sunset’, ‘Stribes Findling’), better once established |
| Cotoneaster spp. |
Prostrate Bearberry |
** the smaller leaved/tightly prostrate forms seem best like ‘Stribes Findling’ |
| Daphne spp. |
Daphne |
*** poisonous, fragrant blooms, likes good drainage |
| Elaeagnus spp. |
Silverberry |
** evergreen, vigorous growth, good hedge, will eat young ones until big except thorny varieties (e.g., ***Hosobu Fukurin) are best |
| Erica spp. |
Mediterranean Heath varieties |
** most common are winter blooming |
| Fatsia japonica |
Japanese Aralia |
* |
| Feijoa sellowiana |
Pineapple Guava |
* may chew tips when new |
| Genista lydia |
Yellow Broom (groundcovers) |
*** gold blooms in spring |
| Grevillea juniperina & spp. |
Juniper Leaf Grevillea and other species |
*** |
| Holodiscus discolor |
Oceanspray |
** protect new and young growth |
| Ilex spp. |
Holly |
** the spinier, leathery leaves are more reliable, no Japanese types |
| Juniperus spp. |
Juniper |
*** |
| Lavandula spp. |
Lavender |
*** fragrant foliage |
| Leptospermum humifusum, lanigerum, namadgiensis |
Alpine Tea Tree |
*** aromatic foliage |
| Leucothoe (esp. ‘Scarletta’, ‘Rainbow’) |
Leucothoe |
* evergreen for part shade to sun with moister soil |
| Mahonia spp. |
Oregon Grape |
*** native, leathery/holly-like leaves |
| Myrica californica |
Pacific Wax Myrtle |
** coastal native, fragrant foliage, large shrub/small tree, protect when young, will eat new growth |
| Myrtus communis ‘Compacta’ & ‘Tarrentina’ |
Common Myrtle |
*** fragrant foliage, starry white flowers, put in hot/protected sites (zone 8) |
| Nandina domestica |
Heavenly Bamboo |
* only in mild deer areas or larger, established plants |
| Nerium oleander |
Oleander |
*** highly poisonous, extremely drought tolerant, put in a protected site (zone 8) |
| Osmanthus heterophyllus |
Holly-Leaf Osmanthus |
** many cultivars, ones with spinier leaves are more reliable |
| Ozothamnus spp. |
Ozothamnus |
*** evergreen, interesting foliage and flowers |
| Picea spp. (dwarf varieties) |
Spruce (shrubby cultivars) |
*** pokey needles |
| Pieris |
Andromeda or Lily of the Valley Shrub |
*** poisonous, many cultivars |
| Pinus mugo pumilo |
Dwarf Mugo Pine |
*** |
| Pittosporum |
Pittosporum |
* evergreen |
| Podocarpus |
Yew Pine |
*** |
| Potentilla spp. |
Cinquefoil |
** species with tiny or hairy leaves are the most reliable, best in mild areas |
| Prunus lusitanica |
Portuguese Laurel |
** good hedge plant, the most reliable Laurel species, protect when new, will eat young & new growth |
| Punica |
Pomegranate |
* protect when young |
| Pyracantha |
Firethorn |
* thorny and tough, protect until big |
| Rhamnus californica ‘Eve Case’ & ‘Tomentella’ |
Eve Case California Coffeeberry & Hoary Coffeeberry |
** more compact than the species – seems to be browsed less as well, evergreen, showy berries, great for wildlife |
| Rhododendron spp. |
Rhododendron – scented varieties like ‘PJM’ are best |
** mildly poisonous, but may still eat |
| Rhus aromatica ‘Gro-Low’ |
‘Gro-Low’ Fragrant Sumac |
* better when established, protect when young |
| Ribes spp. |
Flowering Currant (native, pink) |
* will eat especially when small, thorny species like R. roezlii are more reliable |
| Rosa rugosa (and native rose species) |
Rugosa Rose, Sea Tomato |
* very thorny, showy hips, may still eat – use only in mild areas |
| Rosmarinus officianalis |
Rosemary |
*** fragrant foliage |
| Sarcococca spp. |
Sweetbox |
*** leathery foliage, fragrant winter blooms, will tolerate deep shade |
| Spirea spp. |
Spirea |
* best in mild areas, often with nice foliage color, protect when young, narrow leaf types like s. thunbergii are more resistant |
| Symphoricarpos albus |
Snow Berry |
* native, thicket forming, better when established, will eat new plants |
| Teucrium fruticans |
Bush Germander |
*** aromatic foliage, might nibble when young |
| Umbellularia californica |
California Bay |
*** aromatic, leathery foliage, slow growing – can eventually attain tree size |
| Viburnum bodnantense ‘Pink Dawn’ |
Pink Dawn Viburnum |
*** most reliable species, aromatic foliage, good choice for a large shrub |
| Vitex agnus-castus |
Chaste Tree |
*** aromatic foliage, purple flowers in summer |
| TREES – It’s always important to use a wire cage or trunk protector around any new tree (to guard the bark from bucks rutting their antlers in fall and to prevent lower limbs/leaves from being chewed). Aside from the following trees, almost any deciduous tree would also be considered deer resistant once large enough and with a high enough canopy. |
| Abies pinsapo ‘Glauca’ |
Blue Spanish Fir |
*** short, pokey needles |
| Abies concolor |
White Fir |
*** thick, flat needles |
| Acer palmatum |
Green Japanese Maple |
** protect lower branches and trunk when young |
| Albizia julibrissin |
Mimosa, Silk Tree |
* small leaves, will eat lower branches |
| Araucaria |
Monkey Puzzle |
*** sharply pointed leaves |
| Calocedrus decurrens |
Incense Cedar |
** protect when young |
| Cedrus spp. |
Cedar |
*** pokey needles, usually the most reliable conifer |
| Chamaerops humilis |
Mediterranean Fan Palm |
*** barbed branches, fiberous leaves |
| Chilopsis linearis |
Desert Willow |
*** aromatic, narrow leaves, long/showy summer bloom, protect when young |
| Crataegus spp. |
Hawthorne |
** species w/large thorns are best |
| Ginkgo biloba |
Maidenhair Tree |
** leathery leaves |
| Gleditsia triacanthos |
Honey Locust |
** small leaves |
| Heptacodium miconioides |
Seven Sons Flower |
** good results in mild areas, late summer bloom, peeling bark |
| Ficus varieties |
Fig tree |
** aromatic leaves, will still eat lower growth |
| Juniperus varieties |
Juniper |
*** |
| Lagerstroemia spp. |
Crape Myrtle |
** will eat when new/low growth, best as tree form or limbed up |
| Laurus nobilis |
Bay Laurel |
** aromatic foliage used in cooking, evergreen, |
| Magnolia spp. |
Magnolia |
*** evergreen species are more reliable |
| Parrotia |
Persian Ironwood |
* great fall color |
| Picea spp. |
Spruce |
*** the pokier the needles the better (like Colorado Blue Spruce) |
| Pinus spp. |
Pine |
*** |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii |
Douglas Fir |
** |
| Quercus spp. |
Oak |
* species w/pokier, barbed leaves are more reliable, may eat lower growth when young |
| Sequoiadendron spp. |
Giant Sequioa, Coast Redwood |
*** |
| Thuja ‘Green Giant’ |
‘Green Giant’ Arborvitae |
** protect when young |
| Trachycarpus fortunei |
Windmill Fan Palm |
*** |
| Zelkova |
Zelkova |
** good street tree, great fall color |
| VINES – Protect all vines when young! |
| Akebia quinata |
Akebia vine |
** reliable in mild areas |
| Campsis radicans |
Trumpet Vine |
* |
| Clematis armandii |
Evergreen Clematis |
* leathery leaves |
| Holboelia coriocea |
China Blue Vine |
* leathery leaves |
| Humulus lupilus |
Hops |
*** stiff hairs coat leaves and stems |
| Lonicera spp. |
Honeysuckle |
** usually reliable |
| Parthenocissus spp. |
Virginia Creeper, Boston Ivy, Silver Vein Creeper |
* |
| Trachelospermum asiaticum |
Asiatic Jasmone |
** used as evergreen groundcover |
| Trachelospermum jasminoides |
Star Jasmine |
* protect when young |
| Wisteria spp. |
Wisteria |
* will eat, but grows fast enough to overcome |